Thymosin Alpha-1
Synthetic 28-amino acid peptide identical to a naturally occurring thymic hormone, extensively studied for its role in regulating and restoring immune system function.
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What Is Thymosin Alpha-1?
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1), also known as Thymalfasin, is a synthetic peptide composed of 28 amino acids, identical in sequence to a naturally occurring fragment of the prothymosin alpha precursor protein produced by the thymus gland. As a research compound, it has attracted significant scientific interest for its potent immunomodulatory properties, extensively documented in preclinical and clinical research models.
Its underlying biological role relates to regulating T-cell maturation and supporting the body's adaptive immune response. Studies indicate that Thymosin Alpha-1 stimulates T-cell differentiation, enhances dendritic cell activity, and promotes the production of key immune signaling molecules such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (Goldstein et al., 1977; Romani et al., 2004). It is approved in over 35 countries as Zadaxin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and as an immune adjuvant.
Mechanism of Action
Thymosin Alpha-1 is studied for its ability to act as an agonist of Toll-like receptors TLR-2 and TLR-9 on dendritic and myeloid cells, bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems (Romani et al., 2004; Camerini & Garaci, 2010). It also promotes maturation of T-cells, enhances antigen presentation, and modulates cytokine production to restore balanced immune function.
Key Areas of Research
Immune Restoration & T-Cell Maturation
Preclinical and clinical studies show enhanced T-cell differentiation, improved CD4+/CD8+ ratios, and restored immune responsiveness in immunocompromised populations (Sztein et al., 1986).
Antiviral & Hepatitis Research
Research highlights effects on chronic hepatitis B and C, including improved viral clearance and enhanced response to interferon-based therapies (Andreone et al., 2001; Sherman et al., 1998).
Cancer Adjuvant Research
Studies report reduced chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression and improved outcomes in melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer research models (Garaci et al., 2003).
Sepsis & Severe Infection
Preclinical and clinical research highlights reduced mortality, improved immune balance, and modulation of inflammatory cytokine cascades in sepsis and severe viral infection models (Wu et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2020).
Research Use Only
Thymosin Alpha-1 supplied by Peptidos.eu is intended exclusively for laboratory and scientific research. It is not approved for human or animal consumption and must not be used as a medicine or diagnostic tool.
- Chemical name
- Thymosin Alpha-1 (Thymalfasin)
- Purity
- 99.421%
- Molecular formula
- C₁₂₉H₂₁₅N₃₃O₅₅
- Amino acid sequence
- Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH
- CAS number
- 62304-98-7
- Molecular weight
- 3108.32 g/mol
- Number of amino acids
- 28
- Appearance
- White to off-white lyophilized powder.
- Solubility / reconstitution
- Highly water-soluble. Reconstitute in bacteriostatic water; dissolves readily to a clear solution.
- Storage
- Stable for 36 months (lyophilized, 2–8°C). After reconstitution store at 4°C and use within ~2 weeks.
- Goldstein, A. L., et al. (1977). Thymosin alpha 1: Isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 74(2), 725–729.
- Low, T. L. K., et al. (1979). The chemistry and biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization, and biological activities of thymosin alpha-1 and polypeptide β1 from calf thymus. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254(3), 981–986.
- Sztein, M. B., et al. (1986). Modulation of interleukin 2 receptor expression on normal human lymphocytes by thymic hormones. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology, 9(1), 1–18.
- Sherman, K. E., et al. (1998). Combination therapy with thymosin alpha 1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Hepatology, 27(4), 1128–1135.
- Andreone, P., et al. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of thymosin-alpha1 versus interferon alfa treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 33(1), 252–257.
- Garaci, E., et al. (2003). Thymosin alpha 1 in combination with cytokines and chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer. International Immunopharmacology, 3(8), 1145–1150.
- Romani, L., et al. (2004). Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through Toll-like receptor signaling. Blood, 103(11), 4232–4239.
- Camerini, R., & Garaci, E. (2010). Historical review of thymosin α1 in infectious diseases. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 10 Suppl 1, S5–S25.
- Wu, J., et al. (2013). The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): A multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Critical Care, 17(1), R8.
- Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Thymosin alpha 1 reduces the mortality of severe coronavirus disease 2019 by restoration of lymphocytopenia and reversion of exhausted T cells. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(16), 2150–2157.
Disclaimer
The products offered by peptidos.eu are intended exclusively for research and laboratory use and are sold only to qualified professionals, institutions, or authorized entities. These products are not intended for human or veterinary consumption, nor for any application involving living organisms, including — but not limited to — diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational purposes.
By Making a Purchase, the Customer Declares that:
They are a qualified professional or entity, possessing the necessary competence, training, and facilities for the safe handling of chemical reagents;
They will use the product in full compliance with all applicable local, national, and European Union laws and regulations;
They will adopt appropriate safety measures during all stages of handling, storage, and disposal.
Prohibited Uses
The product must not be used as an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in the manufacturing or preparation of medicines intended for humans or animals;
Any direct administration or use on humans or animals is strictly prohibited;
Peptidos.eu does not endorse or permit the use of its products for the production, testing, or development of illegal substances.
Liability
The purchaser assumes full responsibility for the handling, storage, and use of the product in safe conditions and in compliance with the law.
Peptidos.eu shall not be held liable for any direct or indirect damages arising from improper use, incorrect storage, or unauthorized use of the product.
Peptidos.eu reserves the right to refuse the sale to any individual or entity suspected of improper use of its products.
In case of doubts regarding the safe and lawful use of the product, it is recommended to consult a qualified professional experienced in laboratory research.
Regulatory Compliance
Peptidos.eu does not claim or imply that its products are approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or any other regulatory authority. All information provided is for informational and scientific purposes only. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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